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Sudden Oak Death Agriculture

SOD Public Inquiry Guide


Tips to answer calls or questions from arborists, landscape professionals, homeowners, or the general public.

How to check for symptoms and the need to sample for Phytophthora ramorum

On trees:

Bleeding symptoms only occur on coast live oak, California black oak, Shreve’s oak, and tanoak. These species are not native to Washington State and are rarely seen here as ornamentals. Bleeding on maple, Douglas-fir, or other foliar hosts (with the exception of poison oak and Pacific yew) usually indicates a different causal agent. Leaf and twig symptoms do not occur on hosts in the red oak group, but may on tanoak and canyon live oak. Garry oak (white oak group) is not considered to be a host and only develops minor symptoms.

There are many diseases and pests that produce symptoms similar to those of Sudden Oak Death. For a full list with descriptions, see the Pest Identification document. Compare symptoms with those in the diagnostic guide or consult with a landscape professional for diagnosis.

On shrubs and other plants:

Phytophthora ramorum produces leaf blotches, twig cankers, and shoot die-back on many plants. In some cases the shoot die-back may be severe enough to kill the plants (e.g., huckleberry and madrone), but in general they do not usually die as a result of P. ramorum infection.

Foliar hosts may be damaged by fungi, other Phytophthora species, insects, the sun, or other environmental conditions, and these can cause symptoms similar to those of P. ramorum. This can make it very difficult to identify the pathogen on these species.

How to determine whether to submit a sample for testing:

Though you will not be able to identify SOD in the field, you can screen samples and decide if they should be sent in for further testing. When a client suspects Sudden Oak Death, use the key in this binder as a guide to determine if the sample should be submitted. There are also examples of what P. ramorum symptoms look like on a few common native and ornamental host plants in Washington State.

If you determine a sample should be submitted for testing the sample should be sent to WSU Puyallup for free diagnosis (postage not included). Please follow the approved procedure found at http://puyallup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/.

What is the status of SOD in Washington State?

In June 2003, Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death was confirmed for the first time in Washington.

Since that time the Washington State Dept. of Agriculture (WSDA) has tested over 100,000 plants in hundreds of nurseries as part of the national SOD survey and trace forward surveys from production nurseries found to be infected with the pathogen.  As of March 31, 2014, APHIS no longer imposes P. ramorum regulatory requirements for the interstate movement of host nursery stock from certain nurseries located in the regulated areas of California, Oregon, and Washington. Nurseries that have not had P. ramorum detected in annual surveys since March 31, 2011 will not be required to be inspected and certified in order to ship regulated and associated host plants interstate. Also, nurseries located in regulated areas that do not contain, and that do not ship nursery stock listed as proven host taxa or as associated plant taxa are no longer required to comply with 7CFR 301.92. APHIS will, however, continue to regulate all interstate shipping nurseries located in quarantine areas of California and Oregon, including those that contain only non-host nursery stock.

 

Visit the WSDA SOD website for more information – http://agr.wa.gov/PlantsInsects/Diseases/SOD/

New Pr hosts found

Five new Phytophthora ramorum hosts were detected during a rare plant survey in February on Marin County Municipal Water District property when unusual Arctostaphylos symptoms were identified. Samples submitted to the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) Plant Pest Diagnostics Lab tested negative for root pathogens, but the leaves and branches tested positive for P. ramorum. Follow-up official samples were collected for testing by CDFA scientists, which resulted in the identification of five new P. ramorum hosts: Arctostaphylos virgata, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, chinquapin (Chrysolepsis chrysophylla), blackberry (Rubus ursinus), and chaparral pea (Pickeringia montana). Arctostaphylos virgata and Arctostaphylos glandulosa symptoms include leaf spots and necrosis, petiole dieback, stem lesions and cankers, and tip dieback. Many plants of both species were showing symptoms. Chinquapin (Chrysolepsis chrysophylla) symptoms include canopy dieback, leaf spots, and vascular discoloration. Many chinquapin were showing symptoms; two trees were confirmed positive. Blackberry (Rubus ursinus) symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. Chaparral pea (Pickeringia montana) symptoms include leaf spots, stem lesions, and thorn dieback. CDFA scientists are in the process of obtaining healthy container plants of each host species to confirm pathogenicity. A follow-up site visit to the water district is planned for July to observe disease progression on these hosts.

Vaccinium parvifolium (red huckleberry) was found P. ramorum positive for the first time from two samples taken at a Lewis County, WA interstate shipping nursery during their 2015 spring Federal P. ramorum Certification Program survey. The Lewis County facility was also positive in 2014 and had undergone a CCPA as well as extensive mitigation activities. A new CCPA has been conducted to determine possible ways the pathogen has continued to infect plant material; additional mitigation efforts will completed in 2015. As a result of the new host confirmation, Vaccinium parvifolium will be added to the federally recognized P. ramorum host and associated host list.

For more information on this and other news items, read the COMTF monthly newsletter.

2015 Pr detections

From January 1 to June 3, 2015, P. ramorum was reported in 10 nurseries (OR 8, WA 1, VA 1), one commercial landscape (LA), and a botanical garden (WA) in non-quarantine areas. P. ramorum was detected in Camellia (2), Kalmia (1), Mahonia (1), Osmanthus (1), Pieris (10), Rhododendron (40), Viburnum (4), Vinca (2), and soil samples (8). Four of the nurseries ship interstate and are in the USDA APHIS compliance program (started spring, 2014; Federal Order DA-2014-02). The Confirmed Nursery Protocol is underway in all nurseries and no findings were made at trace-forward sites. Detections at the WA botanical garden are in managed landscapes; survey and disinfestation procedures are underway.

For more information on this and other news items, read the COMTF monthly newsletter.

Sanitation photo gallery


Sanitation for nurseries

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Ensure that growing media, such as bark, is free of P. ramorum and other diseases by testing periodically using a baiting method. Only buy from trusted sources from a P. ramorum-free area. Potting media should be stored on a surface that can be cleaned easily, such as concrete. Standing water and splashing should be avoided, and the surface should be sloped to allow drainage. Media should be kept in an area away from plants and debris to avoid contamination. Do not allow staff to walk or drive in media storage area unless footwear and equipment is clean.
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Place a footbath containing disinfectant in front of entrance to propagation areas to prevent contamination. In addition, cutting benches, sorting areas, machinery, tools, cutting knives, and other equipment should be sanitized before propagation. If disease inoculum is present on any of these items, it can spread through the whole crop.
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Require delivery trucks to properly clean and sanitize truck bed, undercarriage, and tires between deliveries, especially if they have been in P. ramorum infested areas. Plant debris or mud from other nurseries is a potential source of contamination that can spread to your nursery. Unload incoming deliveries in an area that is clean and free of plant debris. Collect all debris from unloaded plants and delivery trucks. Properly dispose by burning, double bagging, deep burial, or steam sterilization. Do not compost this material.
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Remove and dispose of all plant debris in nursery area. Use a substrate that can be easily cleaned between crops.
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A layer of gravel will provide drainage to prevent water pooling and splash dispersal of disease inoculum.
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Plant debris around pots is an inoculum reservoir for P. ramorum. This material should be removed to prevent infections.
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Plant material should not be stored on bare soil, as the ground could be contaminated with Phytophthora, which can easily be splashed onto susceptible foliage.
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Cull piles should be located in an area away from soil mixing area and plant storage areas, especially those containing high risk host material such as Rhododendron, Camellia, and Viburnum.
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Plant debris can be removed using a shop-vac.
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Plants can be set out on wooden pallets, which will prevent infection from water splashing and contact with bare soil. They can be easily swept clean of accumulated plant debris.

Back to Managing Phytophthora diseases in the nursery

 

 

Influence of Nitrogen Fertility


Nursery research

Influence of Nitrogen Fertility on the Susceptibility of Rhododendrons to Phytophthora ramorumDSC06123 rhody

Rita L. Hummel, Marianne Elliott, Gary Chastagner, Robert E. Riley, Kathy Riley, and Annie DeBauw, Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371; klriley@wsu.edu

Research information demonstrating the effects of various cultural practices on host susceptibility to Phytophthora  ramorum is generally lacking and thus limits the development of an integrated approach to managing diseases caused by this pathogen in irrigated nursery systems.  Rhododendron spp. have accounted for about 78% of the plants associated with P. ramorum-positive nursery finds in Washington State. Nitrogen fertility levels have been reported to influence disease in some Phytophthora disease pathosystems, but data is not available for the P. ramorum-rhododendron pathosystem.

During 2008 we investigated the dynamics between nitrogen application rates and the susceptibility of ‘English Roseum’, ‘Cunningham’s White’ and ‘Compact P.J.M.’ to P. ramorum.  One-gallon plants were potted into 3-gallon containers.  The growing medium was 100% Douglas-fir bark with micromax incorporated at the rate of 1.75 lbs/yd3. Plants were placed on a gravel nursery bed and watered as needed with overhead sprinkler irrigation.  Residual fertilizer in the media was depleted, then ammonium nitrate fertilizer at 100, 300 and 600 ppm N was applied in liquid form twice a week to each of eight plants per cultivar starting on June 2nd.  The same rate of P (potassium phosphate) and K (potassium sulfate), 100 and 200 ppm, respectively, was applied at each fertilization.  Commencing with fertilizer application, the plants were switched to a drip irrigation system.  In early October, plant growth, visual quality and leaf color were measured. At the same time, fully mature, current season leaves from each plant were harvested for determination of leaf tissue nitrogen content and P. ramorum inoculations.

Six detached leaves from each plant were inoculated with suspensions of zoospores from an NA1 lineage rhododendron isolate of P. ramorum by pipetting a 10 ul drop of suspension onto the lower leaf surface. The leaf tissue beneath drops on three leaves was injured using an insect pin, while the tissue beneath each drop on the other leaves was left unwounded. The leaves were then incubated at 19-20 C.

As expected, shoot growth and plant quality indices increased with nitrogen fertility. Based on an overall analysis of lesion size after 10 days, there was a significant difference in the susceptibility of the three cultivars to P. ramorum. “Compact P.J.M.’ had the smallest lesions, while ‘English Roseum’ had the largest. Lesions developed on all the wounded and unwounded inoculation sites on the ‘English Roseum’ and lesion size increased with increasing nitrogen fertility. Nitrogen fertility had no effect on lesion size on the other two cultivars.

in

Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium 2010
Susan J. Frankel, John T. Kliejunas, and Katharine M. Palmieri, tech. coords.

Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-229. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 378 p

Abstract pdf Poster pdf

 

Contact: Gary Chastagner, 253-445-4528 | WSU Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371-4998 USA
Last updated January 2, 2013

First Detector Workshops


First Detector Workshops

WSU Sudden Oak Death Education
Phytophthora ramorum Educate To Detect Program

Adapted from USDA National PRED Program for WSU Extension

Objective: To provide training on how to recognize symptoms potentially caused by Phytophthora ramorum and how to screen samples to determine if they should be submitted to the WSU Puyallup Plant and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory for P. ramorum testing.

Background: Sudden Oak Death (SOD) and Ramorum Blight are plant diseases caused by the fungal-like organism P. ramorum. This USDA-APHIS regulated pathogen was first identified in 2000 after killing thousands of tan oaks in California and causing a leaf blight on rhododendrons in Europe. Since then it has been found to infect many plants common to Washington’s natural and ornamental landscapes, including rhododendron, viburnum, big leaf maple, madrone, grand fir, and Douglas-fir. P. ramorum has spread to the natural landscape in 14 coastal counties in California, and one county in southwestern Oregon. Since 2003 this pathogen has been detected in western Washington nurseries and was first detected in a stream in 2006. The Washington State Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture, is monitoring Washington’s nurseries and implementing eradication efforts to keep this pathogen from spreading to the natural environment or landscapes. This program has been designed to train Master Gardeners and WSU Extension affiliates as first detectors of P. ramorum, in the event that this organism is introduced into Washington’s landscape. Information provided will also be applicable to diagnosis and detection of other plant pathogens.

Program outline

1) Background and history of P. ramorum

2) Current status of P. ramorum in Washington

3) Introduction to WSU Sudden Oak Death Education program

4) Recognizing potential symptoms and determining if samples should be submitted for P. ramorum testing

Funding for this outreach has been provided by the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Health Protection


For information, please contact:

Marianne Elliott
Puyallup Research and Extension Center
2606 W. Pioneer
Puyallup, WA 98371-4998
253-445-4596
melliott2@wsu.edu

Contact: Gary Chastagner, 253-445-4528 | WSU Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371-4998 USA
Last updated January 2, 2013

Nursery research


Nursery research

Effect of Surface Sterilization Treatments on the Detection and Viability of Phytophthora ramorum on Various SubstratesIMG_0007 sm

Katie Coats, Kathy Riley, Gary Chastagner and Marianne Elliott, Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371; kpcoats@wsu.edu

An accurate evaluation of asymptomatic colonization of plant tissue by Phytophthora ramorum requires the ability to distinguish between the surface contamination or epiphytic growth of the pathogen and the colonization of plant tissues. Growth on selective media, such as CARP, following the surface sterilization of plant tissue is often used to confirm P. ramorum colonization of the tissue. The use of PCR to detect asymptomatic colonization of tissues requires that treatments kill pathogen propagules as well as render residual pathogen DNA on the surface of substrates undetectable. A series of surface sterilization tests were performed with two commonly used laboratory surface sterilants to determine their efficacy in killing epiphytic propagules of P. ramorum and rendering pathogen DNA undetectable in several different P. ramorum experimental scenarios. Substrates tested include detached rhododendron leaves, rhododendron leaf discs, and freshly harvested Douglas-fir wood. Whatman filter paper was included to represent an inert surface.

Results from preliminary tests indicate that the efficacy of a treatment varies by experimental scenario and detection method. Based on post-sterilization growth on CARP media, a 30-second treatment in a 10% solution of household bleach (0.6% sodium hypochlorite) one hour after a spore suspension of P. ramorum was applied to rhododendron leaves and leaf discs was as effective as higher concentrations of bleach and longer treatments in bleach in killing the pathogen on the surface of this host.  When spore suspensions were placed on Douglas-fir wood samples, a 30-second treatment in a 10% solution of bleach was not as effective as a 30-second treatment with 95% ethanol, based on CARP isolation data post-treatment. When spore suspensions were placed on Whatman filter paper and incubated for 2 days, a 10% bleach solution, 95% ethanol, and water each appeared equally as effective in preventing the detection of P. ramorum by isolation on CARP media post-treatment. When post-treatment quantitative PCR was used to detect the pathogen on Whatman filter paper and Douglas-fir, 10% bleach effectively removed DNA evidence of the pathogen while 95% ethanol and water were ineffective, leaving behind DNA at quantities comparable to those on non-treated substrates.

Additional studies are in progress and will be presented at the symposium.

in

Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium 2010
Susan J. Frankel, John T. Kliejunas, and Katharine M. Palmieri, tech. coords.

Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-229. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 378 p

Abstract pdf Poster pdf

 

Contact: Gary Chastagner, 253-445-4528 | WSU Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371-4998 USA
Last updated January 2, 2013

Biology of P. ramorum


Biology of P. ramorum

Phenotypic variation in Phytophthora ramorum: wild type vs non-wild type isolates wt and nwt

M. Elliott, Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA, USA 98371; melliott2@wsu.edu ; G. Sumampong, S. F. Shamoun, E. Becker, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5; A. Varga, D. James, S. Masri, Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 1H3; and N. J. Grünwald, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR, USA 97330

In earlier studies unusual culture morphology and behavior were noticed among some NA1 isolates of Phytophthora ramorum. This “non-wild type” behavior was not observed in our collection of isolates from the EU1 or NA2 lineages, even though the isolates had been in culture for a similar amount of time. It has been suggested that subculturing in vitro cause culture instability and loss of virulence, and passage through the host can revive the isolate back to its original state.  To study this, we compared four less virulent isolates (non-wild type; nwt) with four isolates of normal virulence (wild type; wt) in our culture collection.  One objective of this study was to determine whether wt behavior could be restored to nwt isolates of P. ramorum by successive re-isolation from host material. Detached leaves of rhododendron “Cunningham’s White” were inoculated with each of the isolates, which were re-isolated and tested for pathogenic aggressiveness, growth rate at maximum, optimum, and minimum temperatures, and chlamydospore production in vitro.

In both wt and nwt groups, there were significant differences in lesion size on detached rhododendron leaves between the original culture and the first re-isolation. Successive re-isolations were not different from the original culture and the first re-isolation. After re-isolation from the host, nwt isolates were still less aggressive than wt isolates. Along with lower aggressiveness on rhododendron leaves, nwt isolates produced fewer chlamydospores in V8 agar than did wt isolates.  There was no difference in growth rate between the original culture and the first re-isolation for most isolates.  However, nwt isolates were found to be more sensitive to temperatures below 2°C and above 28°C. The optimum growth temperature was 20°C.

Our preliminary results show that non-wild type isolates were more variable than wild type isolates in all of the characters tested, and were generally lower in aggressiveness, chlamydospore production, and growth rate at all temperatures for both the original culture and when re-isolated from a host. The greater variability suggests that these isolates are unstable or that slightly deleterious mutation(s) have accumulated in accordance with Muller’s ratchet resulting in reduced fitness. Wild type isolates performed better than non-wild type isolates in all of the phenotypic characters examined. Why nwt survives and proliferates is still a mystery. To understand the cause of these phenotypic differences, the role of cytoplasmic elements and differences in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are being examined.

in

Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium 2010
Susan J. Frankel, John T. Kliejunas, and Katharine M. Palmieri, tech. coords.

Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-229. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 378 p

Abstract pdf Poster pdf
 

Contact: Gary Chastagner, 253-445-4528 | WSU Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371-4998 USA
Last updated January 2, 2013

Phytophthora ramorum in waterways


Phytophthora ramorum in waterways

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Spread of Phytophthora ramorum to water, soil, and vegetation outside a nursery in Pierce County, Washington
G. CHASTAGNER (1), K. Coats (1), M. Elliott (1)
(1) Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, U.S.A.
Phytopathology 101:S32

 

Volunteer stream monitoring for invasive Phytophthora species in western Washington
M. ELLIOTT (1), G. Chastagner (1), K. P. Coats (1), A. DeBauw (1), K. Riley (1)
(1) Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA, U.S.A.
Phytopathology 101:S48

 

Mystery on the Sammamish: What are the sources of Phytophthora ramorum infesting this Washington State waterway?
G. Chastagner (1), K. COATS (1), D. Omdal (2), A. Ramsey-Kroll (2), M. Elliott (3)
(1) Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, U.S.A.; (2) Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, U.S.A.; (3) Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA, U.S.A.
Phytopathology 101:S32

 

 

Marianne Elliott, Gary Chastagner, Katie Coats, and Gil Dermott
In Frankel, S.J.; Kliejunas, J.T.; Palmieri, K.M.; Alexander, J.M. tech. coords. 2013. Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fifth Science Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-243. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 169 p.

Spread of P. ramorum from Nurseries into Waterways—Implications for Pathogen Establishment in New Areas 243 KB
Gary Chastagner, Steven Oak, Daniel Omdal, Amy Ramsey-Kroll, Katie Coats, Yana Valachovic, Chris Lee, Jaesoon Hwang, Steven Jeffers, and Marianne Elliott.

In Frankel, Susan J.; Kliejunas, John T.; Palmieri, Katharine M.  2010.  Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium.   Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-229. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 378 p.

Contact: Gary Chastagner, 253-445-4528 | WSU Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371-4998 USA
Last updated January 2, 2013

Presentations for First Detector Training


Presentations and Workshops

Presentations and workshops are available on a variety of topics related to Sudden Oak Death. Presentations can be downloaded for viewing or contact Marianne Elliott (melliott2@wsu.edu) to arrange a presentation or workshop for your group.

Presentations

 

SOD Symptom ID and Nursery Management

A presentation for nursery professionals on recognizing symptoms of P. ramorum on nursery crops and best management practices to minimize the impact of P. ramorum on a nursery.

IMG_0005_symptoms_PH208_sm

Life Cycle of P. ramorum as it Relates to Soil and Water

Learn how P. ramorum survives and spreads in soil and water environments. Best management practices for nurseries are also discussed.

sm_11-05_California_SOD_Pictures 025

Sudden Oak Death and Other Phytophthora Diseases of Rhododendron

Rhododendron is the most important host of P. ramorum in Washington nurseries. Learn how to recognize symptoms of P. ramorum and other Phytophthora diseases of Rhododendron. Some results of a study screening a large number of Rhododendron species and cultivars are also presented.

DSC06130 rhody

Sudden Oak Death and other Phytophthora diseases in Washington ecosystems

Sudden Oak Death is devastating California forests, but what about in Washington? For those interested in the potential effects of P. ramorum on WA forests, native plants, and implications to trade in forest products. Other Phytophthora species and their role in forest ecosystems will be discussed.

db_AdAl_WesternMaidenhairFern_3_JB1

Sudden Oak Death, Madrone Canker, and Systemic Acquired Resistance

A not so random grouping of subjects that will interest tree care professionals and others.

DSC02556 sm

“What’s killing my tree?”

A presentation from the Master Gardener Advanced Education Conference, Sept 22-24 2011, Ocean Shores, WA. Includes information about tree diseases with special sections on SOD and madrone blight. PDF, ~10 MB.

Decaying Oaks
Decaying Oaks killed by P. ramorum

 

Workshops

First Detector Workshops

Sudden Oak Death First Detector workshops are available for interested groups and industry professionals. The purpose of these workshops is to train participants as first detectors, in the event that P. ramorum is introduced to Washington’s landscape. Master Gardener volunteers and horticultural and natural resource professionals are encouraged to attend a training session.


Managing Phytophthora diseases in the nursery

Phytophthora diseases are very costly to nurseries, and a positive P. ramorum find can have huge economic consequences. At this hands-on workshop methods for reducing damage by Phytophthora diseases in the nursery will be demonstrated.

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For information, please contact:

Marianne Elliott
Puyallup Research and Extension Center
2606 W. Pioneer
Puyallup, WA 98371-4998
253-445-4596
melliott2@wsu.edu

Contact: Gary Chastagner, 253-445-4528 | WSU Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA, 98371-4998 USA
Last updated January 2, 2013